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Predictive Analytics A Gold Mine - 1554 Words

Predictive Analytics: A Gold-Mine Yet To Be Exploited To Its Zenith Akanksha Pandey Information Technology Department, VESIT, Mumbai-74, India. Abstract 1. Introduction The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology has increased the volume of data oday`s mobile technologies and social media have collection and it`s storage manifold. This led to unleashed an exponential increase in information. continual growth in the size of data sets with Predictive analytics, a business intelligence technology consequent increase in complexity as well. Hands-on is one of the latest to take the future by storm with its data analysis is being increasingly augmented with immense potential for data- mining and efficacy. indirect, automated data processing Predictive analytics can be defined as any solution that techniquesclustered together and known as DATAIJERTsupports the identification of meaningful patterns and MINING. correlations among complex, structured and unstructured, historical and potential future data sets for Primarily, data mining deals with the analysis of data the purpose of predicting future events and accessing sets for identification of hidden patterns, trends and the attractiveness of the various courses of action. It is data values. Data miming in any line of businessShow MoreRelatedHow A Professional Objectives Both Short And Long Term1678 Words   |  7 Pagespossible before. All of this bodes well with my strong interest in Data as a software engineer who has been in the IT business for the last 18 years. 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Alongside business intelligence in the new managerial lexicon is the phrase analytics, a term describing the extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions.[4] The benefits of all this data and number crunching are very real, indeed. Data leverage lies at the center of competitiveRead MoreBloomberg Essentials Online Training Program17272 Words   |  70 Pagesinvestment idea generation and in-depth security analysis. Our equities resources fully integrate the very best in real-time data, news and research, providing you with an unmatched level of market data transparency, dynamic monitors, and powerful analytics. With these tools, you can delve into more than 20 years of financial statements, sell-side consensus estimates, extensive technical analysis studies, and idea generation tools for a pool of more than 410,000 equities (ph). 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Josephine Baker Racial Refugee Comes Home Free Essays

One hundred years ago a star was born, but its light, like that of real stars, took many years to reach us. Josephine Baker, dancer, actress and singer, shone on the stages of France long before she was accepted here in her native country. Having escaped from the poverty of her early childhood, Baker became a legendary performer in France only to be dismissed by American audiences of the 30s. We will write a custom essay sample on Josephine Baker: Racial Refugee Comes Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her story, fortunately, does not end there, as the changing social climate led to Baker’s eventual return and her efforts in the civil rights movement. Though it took decades, the â€Å"Black Venus† finally claimed her place in the history of American entertainers. Baker’s early family life was a world away from the life of glamour she was to later lead in France. Born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri in 1906, Baker was subjected to the racial prejudices of the times as a result of her mixed Native American and African-American origin. Sources vary on the identity of Baker’s father, but the official version lists Eddie Carson, a vaudeville drummer, and Carrie McDonald, a â€Å"washerwoman,† as Baker’s parents. As an infant, Josephine was taken by her mother to winerooms and vaudeville houses where her father performed (Haney 1981, p. 6). St. Louis had an important music scene at the time, and this certainly had quite an impact on the young Freda. Carson soon abandoned mother and child, and Baker’s mother married another man, Arthur Martin, with whom she bore a son and two more daughters. Martin, often unemployed, could not support the household, and so Baker’s childhood was spent cleaning, babysitting and waitressing. Baker describes working for the â€Å"Mistress,† a wealthy white woman, in her autobiography, where she was required to get up at five in the morning (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 3): â€Å"There was coal to fetch, the stove to stoke, chamber pots and spittoons to empty, bed to make wood to cut, the kitchen clean. † She did manage to go to school, but then worked after school as well, sleeping in the Mistress’s cellar at night. Baker was only seven years old. Haney (1981, p. 10) suggests that Josephine’s mother harbored resentment against her daughter, blaming her for the loss of Carson; perhaps this, along with the family’s poverty, explains why Carrie McDonald sent her daughter to the Mistress. Josephine finally returned home after the Mistress was arrested for physically abusing her, but Josephine wound up living much of the time with her grandmother and aunt as her relationship with her mother deteriorated even further. Baker’s feelings for the country of her birth were always to be influenced by the experiences of her youth in Missouri. In her autobiography, she recounts the story of seeing her neighborhood go up in flames and seeing a black man beaten when whites decided to avenge the alleged rape of a white woman in July of 1917. Upon leaving her house to find the conflagration, Baker said she thought she was looking at the Apocalypse (1977, p. 2). Jean-Claude Baker and Chase (1993, p. 30) reject Baker’s claim to have witnessed the St. Louis race riots, arguing that she only learned the story later from others. In any case, such an event was to leave a lasting impression on Josephine. Not surprisingly, she was to leave St. Louis at a young age in search of a more promising future. In Josephine’s youth, a brighter future was not available to her through education – she could only escape through marriage. At the age of only 13, Josephine married Willie Wells, a man more than twice her age (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 36). The marriage was illegal and short-lived (to be followed by five more marriages over the years), and Josephine was destined to return to her mother’s house. Her true escape came when she joined the St. Louis Chorus line, where she was an instant hit. Baker was soon touring with vaudeville troops, performing skits. Though audiences loved Josephine, she faced racism in town after town, where she faced the Ku Klux Klan and segregation (Haney 1981, p. 29). Baker continued her rise to stardom, though, when in 1921 she landed a role in the Broadway production of Shuffle Along, despite original concerns that she was too dark for the part. As the show became a hit, Josephine made an enormous salary for the time. When the production came to St. Louis, Josephine performed before a mixed audience, but the blacks were restricted to the balcony seating. Josephine’s biological father, Eddie Carson, reportedly showed up to ask to be hired for the show, only to be rejected (Haney (1981, p. 39). Baker followed up her success with a role in The Chocolate Dandies in 1924 and became a legend in connection with the Harlem Renaissance in 1925 at The Plantation Club. The real turning point came later in 1925, though, when Baker made her debut in Paris with Joe Alex and the Danse Sauvage in La Revue Negre at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees. The audience loved Baker, who danced wearing only a feather skirt. From there, she went on to tour Europe and eventually star in La Follie du Jour at the Follies-Begere, often appearing with her pet leopard and dancing in a skirt made of bananas. She was to star in two movies, ZouZou and Princess Tam-Tam in the mid-thirties, by which time she was one of the highest paid entertainers in Europe (Official Site). In 1936, though, Baker was to be forcefully reminded of the barriers African-Americans were facing in her native country when she returned to the United States to star in the Ziegfield Follies. Unpopular with American audiences and critics, Baker was eventually replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee. In fact, Josephine met the realities of American racism as soon as she got off the boat from France, as she was refused a room in several New York hotels because of her color. Miki Sawada, Baker’s maid at the time, was with her and described what happened (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 191): â€Å"I could not believe this could be the same woman I had seen in Europe, standing triumphant on the stage, showered with flowers. Here she was huddled before me on the floor, weeping. † In publicity photos for the production, Baker was lit so that she would appear lighter. She wrote to a friend, â€Å"†¦be assured, if I want to make a telephone call in the street, I’m still a negresse† (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 196). After the newspaper critics panned her performances, the show closed and Baker returned to France. Despite her experience in the thirties, Baker returned to America in the fifties and sixties to work to advance civil rights for people of color. The most famous instance occurred when Baker worked with the NAACP to protest segregation at The Stork Club. Animosity brewed as a result between Baker and gossip columnist Walter Winchell, which led to Baker’s name being tainted in the Red Scare of the McCarthy era. Baker found other ways to combat racism as well, adopting twelve multiethnic children who came to be known as the â€Å"Rainbow Tribe. † The first of her children, a son, was an â€Å"occupation† baby, a baby of mixed Japanese and Western race from Tokyo. Other adoptees hailed from Finland, Columbia, Canada and Israel (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 192-196). By the time of her death in 1975, Josephine Baker had accomplished more in her lifetime than anyone could possibly have imagined was possible for an African-American woman born at the beginning of the century. Not only did Baker manage to overcome the poverty and social limitations of her youth, she emerged as legendary entertainer, a champion of civil rights and a mother to so many who came from homes and situations as bleak as her own had been. Despite the many occasions on which her fellow Americans rejected her, Baker never gave up on her homeland and used her experiences as motivation to work toward a better society. The spate of biographies and the documentary of her life that have sprung up in the last two decades are a sign of the changing social climate and racial relations in America, as well as a sign of the longevity of Baker’s legacy. Bibliography Baker, J. and Bouillon, J. (1977) Jospehine. New York, Harper Row Publishers. Baker, J. C. and Chase, C. (1993) Josephine: The Hungry Heart New York. Random House. Biography. Available from: The Official Site of Josephine Baker, Josephine Baker Estate c/o CMG Worldwide http://www. cmgww. com/stars/baker [Accessed 19 October 2006]. Haney, L. (1981) Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker. New York, Dodd, Mead Company. How to cite Josephine Baker: Racial Refugee Comes Home, Papers

Oncology Unit In Acute Care Hospital Essay â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Oncology Unit In An Acute Care Hospital Essay? Answer: Introduction This essay seeks to comprehensively discuss transformative leadership theory and provide an account of its functionality within the nursing context. I work in the oncology unit of an acute care hospital and thus I have used it as the specific context for application of the theory. This case study sample is assumed to be reflective of other acute care settings. The essay is grounded in using the theory to increase the access and quality of patient care. Transformational leadership has several instrumental aspects that are quite relevant in the quest to transform and enhance the quality of health care provided to patients and the access to these services. These aspects include motivation and inspiration. This essay heavily uses them to argue out its applicability in the oncology unit. I have identified several challenges facing the unit and consequently illustrated how they can be mitigated by employing the transformational leadership approach. The essay concludes that this leadership approach can be applicable in transforming and enhancing service delivery in the oncology unit in an acute care hospital. The scope of the essay covers the history of the theory, its applicability in a practical nursing context, and the resultant conclusions from the analysis. All these are discussed broadly in an analytical manner with the exception of conclusions. A summary of the history and chief premises of the theory The term `transformational leadership`, was coined by a renowned sociologist James V. Downton in 1973 (Bruce Francis, 2013). He came up with this terminology seeking to explain the relationship between change and leadership. Later on, leadership expert James McGregor Burns build on Downton`s concept of transformational leadership in his 1978 book titled `Leadership` (Curtis, Vries, Sheerin, 2011). According to him, transformational leadership referred to a process where leaders and their followers uplift each other to greater levels of motivation and morality. Bernard M. Bass further developed the transformational leadership concept as indicated by his 1985 book tilted ``Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations`` (David Kirimi, 2012). He argued that this type of leader has the following attributes: sets vivid goals, is a reflection of fairness and integrity, exhibits high expectations, offers support and recognition, encourages others, has the ability to stir up other peoples` emotions, gets individuals to look beyond their self-interest as well as inspires and motivates individuals to reach for the improbable. There have been further developments done to the theory over time (Diane, 2013). Now over 25 years after Bass` book, it is argued that transformational leadership is one of the paramount concepts in organizational leadership (Diane, 2013). The theory is grounded on several fundamental premises. These premises include the following: Individuals will follow a person who inspires them, an individual with a vision and passion can accomplish immense things and the avenue to get things executed involves injecting energy and enthusiasm (Duygulu Kublay, 2011). Usually, people will follow the leader whom they perceive to inspire them. It is assumed their belief that the individual has some inspiration and motivation to them will act as a trigger and driving force for them to voluntarily follow the leader. Additionally, it is assumed that the person who has a vision and passion is in a good position to achieve things of great magnitude. As such, these two attributes are critical although it becomes quite a hard exercise the two most of the times. The two elements are used as the underlying factors when a person desires to achieve great things. Also, using enthusiasm and energy facilitates getting things done. This implies that energy and enthusiasm are indispensable when an individual in a leadership position wants things to be executed accordingly (Duygulu Kublay, 2011). Transformational leadership theory describes a leadership approach which brings about change in people and social systems (Edgar, 2016). Ideally, it creates positive and valuable change in the followers. When authentically enacted, it heightens the morale, motivation, and performance of the followers via different mechanisms. Such mechanisms include: linking the followers` sense of self and identity to the organization`s mission and collective identity, being an inspirational role model to them, challenging the followers to take ownership of their work and comprehending their strengths and weaknesses. This enables the leader to align followers with the tasks they can optimally perform (Elaine, 2012). The chief components of the theory include: intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence (Elesa, 2013). Intellectual stimulation describes the level to which the leader takes risks, challenges assumptions and solicits the ideas of the followers. This promotes the development and nurturing of individuals who think independently. Individualized consideration is the degree to which the leader addresses individual follower`s needs and concerns. The empathy and support offered by the leader give them intrinsic motivation to perform their tasks. Inspirational motivation is the ability of the leader to articulate a vision which is inspiring and appealing to the followers (Gilbert, 2011). This offers the organization`s meaning and purpose hence steering the group forward. Idealized influence reflects high ethical conduct, earns respect, and instills pride and trust. It enables the leader to walk the talk (Elesa, 2013). A description of its possible application in an oncology unit Today`s nurses employ fundamental transformative communication principles to enhance interactions with patients, peers, family members and colleagues (Heuston Wolf, 2011). This implies that transformative communication principles are linked to transformational leadership principles. For instance, the linkage between the need to positively communicate and the need to optimize ones and group`s potential principles respectively. As such, I believe the blend of the two is indispensable in bringing harmony among the above-mentioned parties. This is efficacious in enhancing patient care and professionalism within the different contexts of a highly diverse society (Hutchinson Jackson, 2013). An example of the most suitable context for application of the transformative theory is in the oncology unit in an acute care hospital, where I work. The department is always busy since we provide the following services: a diagnostic job to identify a new diagnosis, treatment of therapy complications, administration of investigational and standard chemotherapy, supportive care, radiation therapy, biopsies and surgical operations, among others (Owen, 2012). The department team is large. Some members work round the clock with some reasonable breaks while others usually work on a shift basis. We possess varied levels of expertise, education, motivation and experience (Kwame, 2012). The operations of the unit are commendable since we offer excellent services round the clock to the patients received in the department (Owen, 2012). However, there have been several challenges within the unit. Such problems include: poor design of systems, inadequacy in meeting the health needs of the chronically ill patients, and lack of a shared decision-making relationship between nursing professionals and patients in the unit (Marshall, 2010). Traditionally, health care institutions have experienced challenges linked to the process of how patient care is provided (Michael, 2011). I agree with this based on my observation and work experience on the way healthcare service delivery is done in my locality and in other areas. However, I believe that such challenges can be progressively alleviated only if transformational leadership is used prudently and inclusively. The oncology unit wherein I work is a good example (Marshall, 2010). There has been poor systems design in the oncology unit. Such a key system is the patient health documentation system in the unit. For a long time, the health and treatment records of the chronically ill patients have been managed poorly. This means that the patients usually consume a lot of time waiting for their medical documents to be retrieved at the unit (Bradley, 2016). As a result, this has led to poorer quality patient care and wide dissatisfaction and disappointment among our patients (Michael L. , 2011). The theory is very instrumental in addressing the above-described challenge of poor systems design. It will aid in enhancing the patient health records documentation system. This will be achieved by bringing the responsible staff on board for an in-depth discussion with their leader (Salanova, Lorente, Chambel, Martinez, 2011). The leader will precisely articulate the vision and the need to efficaciously handle the documents of the patients. I believe that this will serve to motivate the staff to execute their mandates more effectively and, hence, avert inconveniencing the patients when they require their medical records. As such, this will motivate and inspire the unit employees on the need to be quick and swift when handling the patients` documentation (Patrick, Laschinger, Wong, Finegan, 2011). This can also be done by taking them through an induction session and also the manager challenging the staff members and inspiring them with a sense of purpose and excitement. As such, th e employees will be more likely to change or adjust their perceptions which will influence the way they handle such documentation (Smith, 2011). The inadequacy to satisfy the health needs of the patients who are chronically ill in the unit has proved to be a challenging issue. Such needs include: counseling, advice on aspects such as lifestyle, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and biopsies among other paramount needs and services offered by the unit (Nurse, 2012). I believe that this has been contributed to by the absence of enough attention to behavioral health determinants and prevention, and the disharmonious collaboration between and among the nurses and other health care providers working in the unit. It is a saddening situation (Nurse, 2012). The theory is also useful in satisfactorily addressing the issue of inadequacy in meeting chronically sick patients` needs. Addressing such needs will require the reforming of the way attention to behavioral health determinants and treatment and prevention are done in the unit (Tricia, 2015). Since the transformational leadership theory involves implementing new ideas which the followers can comfortably identify with, the leader will be able to inspire and motivate enhanced collaboration and coordination among the staff in the unit regarding the awarding of adequate attention and considerations to treatment and prevention options available and suitable to each unique individual patient. For instance, based on my experience, introducing a universally joint consultation and feedback framework in the unit is a great way of motivating change among the staff. This will include setting up a unit where such collaboration and coordination will be carried out extensively and precisely. The un it will be accessible to all the relevant staff round the clock (Tricia, 2015). From my observation, the lack of a shared decision-making relationship between nursing professionals and patients has been overtly present in the unit. This implies that there has been the absence of openness between the providers and/- or nurses and the patients. This has caused critical decisions to be made independently either by the health providers or the patients (Patricia, 2011). Transformative leadership is paramount in mitigating the lack of a shared decision-making relationship between nursing professionals or other healthcare providers and patients within the unit. This means that since the theory promotes increased ethical conduct, respect, and trust, the unit staff will be spurred to embrace a shared decision-making association with their patients (Wong, Cummings, Durchame, 2013). The trust between the staff and patient(s) may be in terms of the confidentiality of the health details of the patient and perhaps the treatment options. As such, I believe that this will initiate a considerate and comprehensive shared decision-making through an approach such as having an in-depth personal conversation with patients. Since respect is very key in decision-making between two parties, the unit will provide induction sessions for the unit staff on how to build on respect for the patients visiting our unit. This will lead to enhanced and prudent decision options f rom which informed choices can be arrived at. I am of the view that, essentially, this will also remarkably address the need to be increasingly attentive and considerate to the preferences, values, and cultural backgrounds of the patients visiting the unit. Consequently, this will cause high-quality service provision (David Kirimi, 2012). The transformative leadership theory is the most appropriate applicable theory in addressing the above-discussed challenges in the workplace situation. This is essential because all the key challenges highlighted above relate to the theory (Sadeghi Pihie, 2012). According to me, it calls for change or transformation. This will positively impact the service delivery in the crucial unit (Michael R., 2013). Based on my knowledge, the theory is applicable since it seeks to empower each staff member to achieve his or her full potential besides focusing on the general performance of the department. This is crucial (Sadeghi Pihie, 2012). Conclusion It is necessary to bring change in individuals and social systems. At the center of this is the transformational leadership approach. Its origin and development are attributed to James V. Downton, Burns and Bass. The theory has been used for many years, specifically for over twenty-five years in advocating for individual and group optimization of productivity. It has made it possible to bring the desired change in organizations and hence aid in steering them towards their consensual vision and mission. It does this by articulately involving all the followers both at the individual and group levels. This is based on its four key components which include: intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence. The theory can be applied in the oncology unit in an acute care hospital to transform and enhance service delivery to the patients who visit the unit. The importance of the theory is inevitably remarkable. This is because it is suitably applicable in addressing some of the identified challenges in this unit. This is grounded in the theory`s attributes like initiating and motivating change, inspiring, connecting and challenging usually at individual and group levels. Essentially, this theory is a masterpiece in establishing desired positive and transformative change. References Bradley. (2016, 04 19). How Nursing Leadership Styles can Impact Patient Outcomes and Organizational Performance. Retrieved from onlinedegrees.bradley.eduResourcesInforgraphics Bruce, A., Francis, Y. (2013). Transformational and Charismatic Leadership. Emerald Group Publishing. Curtis, A., Vries, J., Sheerin, K. (2011). Developing leadership in nursing: exploring core factors. British journal of nursing. David, M., Kirimi, B. (2012). Transformational corporate leadership. Andrews UK Limited. Diane, H. (2013). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Services. Duygulu, S., Kublay, G. (2011). Transformational leadership program for charge nurses. journal of advanced nursing, 633-642. Edgar, S. (2016). Organizational culture and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Elaine, R. (2012). Management and leadership in nursing and healthcare: an experiential approach. Springer Publishing Company. Elesa, Z. (2013). Leadership: A Critical Introduction. Routledge. Gilbert, F. (2011). Real Leadership: How spiritual values give leadership meaning. ABC-CLIO. Heuston, M., Wolf, A. (2011). Transformational leadership skills for successful nurse managers. Journal of nursing administration, 248-251. Hutchinson, M., Jackson, D. (2013). Transformational leadership in nursing: towards a more critical interpretation. A nursing inquiry, 11-22. Kwame, G. (2012). Transformational Leadership. Xulon Press. Marshall, S. (2010). Transformational Leadership in Nursing: from expert clinician to influential leader. Springer Publishing Company. Michael, L. (2011). Transformational Leadership. GRIN Verlag. Michael, R. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Leadership. OUP USA. Nurse, L. (2012, 01 19). Becoming a Transformational Nurse Leader-Emerging Nurse Leader. Retrieved from www.emergingleader.com/transformational-nurse-leader Owen, D. (2012). Transformational Leadership in Nursing Practice. British Journal of Nursing, 20. Patricia, K. (2011). Nursing Leadership and Management. Cengage Learning. Patrick, A., Laschinger, S., Wong, C., Finegan, G. (2011). Developing and testing a new measure of nurse clinical leadership: the clinical leadership survey. Journal of nursing management, 449-460. Sadeghi, A., Pihie, L. (2012). Transformational leadership and its predictive effects on leadership effectiveness. International journal of business and social sciences. Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, J., Martinez, M. (2011). Linking transformational leadership to nurses` extra-role performance: the mediating role of self-efficacy and work engagement. Journal of advanced nursing, 2256-2266. Smith, A. (2011). Are you a transformational leader? Nursing management, 44-50. Tricia, T. (2015). Management and Leadership for nurse administrators. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Wong, A., Cummings, G., Durchame, L. (2013). The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review update. Journal of nursing management, 709-724.

Wuthering Heights BY Bronte Essays (308 words) - British Films

Wuthering Heights BY Bronte Throughout the novel Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte, most of the major Characters learn, grow, and change due to the experiences and challenges that they face throughout their lives. Heathcliff transforms from a companion and lover of Catherine's to a harsh and brutal adult. When Heathcliff is described, he is said to be a "dark-skinned gipsy, in aspect, in dress, and in manners a gentleman," (3, 24-25). He is an outsider from the beginning. Yet, Catherine falls in love with him despite his "vagabond" (102) appearance. Heathcliff's transaction begins after he overhears Catherine and Nelly's conversation on whetehr or not Catherine should marry Edgar Linton. He had listened until he heard Catherine say that it would degrade her to marry him, and then he stayed to hear no farther. Then Heathcliff leaves for three years without a trace. Heathcliff returns as a "tall man dressed in dark clothes, with a dark face and hair." (86, 10-11). He was also described as being "an unclaimed creature, without refinement, without cultivation;he's a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man." Throughout the three years in which Heathcliff disappeaared, he became exactly what he was scared of as a young boy. Hindly Earnshaw treaated Heathcliff as an outsider, and looked down upon him with hate and disgust. Living through this led Heathcliff tobecome just what Hindly said he was. Heathcliff was told his whole life that he was an outsider and a failure. He eventually transformed into just that. Heathcliff come across as a dark and evil person when deep down inside he only wants to be happy with the one he loves. If he was treaated equally in his life, he would not have become the evil man that he did because of this type of behavior would not have been present for him to copy. Heathcliff could have been a good person if the enviornment he grew up in treated him equall despite his differences.

The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing

The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing By Mark Nichol Paraphrasing, rewording of spoken or written content, is a necessary skill for every writer. This post discusses the purposes of process of paraphrasing. Why Paraphrase? Quoting directly without attribution is plagiarism, an offense against those responsible for crafting the original message. In a scholarly setting, it constitutes academic dishonesty, which when committed by students is punished with a failing grade, suspension, or expulsion; it also compromises their future in academia. In the case of faculty or academic researchers, it signals a lack of integrity and can ruin one’s career. Even with attribution, however, extensive direct quotation in course assignments or in scholarly research is discouraged; some sources recommend that no more than 10 percent of an academic paper or article consist of exact wording from a research source. In both trade books and scholarly publishing, the same benchmarks seems appropriate; journalism is more accepting, but direct quotation consisting of more than 25 percent of an article (except in the case of a question-and-answer interview) is likely to be regarded as excessive. Why should paraphrasing predominate? The purpose of academic writing is not to exactly reproduce the findings and interpretations of others; it is to report findings and interpretations and produce commentary on them, extrapolate and evaluate, and make new inferences, as well as to synthesize multiple sources. Therefore, academic writing should summarize the work of others, reproducing content verbatim only when a strikingly original conclusion, or a statement that should be clearly attributed as exact wording, merits inclusion in the secondary work. In journalistic writing, quotations often add color and vibrancy to an article. Precise reproduction of some of a subject’s or source’s comments conveys the person’s character and personality or lends authority. However, just as with scholarly prose, direct quotation should be the exception, not the rule; the reporter’s task is to describe an event or issue or to create an impression for readers who were not present during an incident or an interview. Paraphrasing also allows reorganization of sources’ or subjects’ statements not in order to manipulate the comments with the intent to mislead, but to improve the narrative flow or place randomly uttered thoughts in coherent chronological order. This technique also enables writers to impart information that is valuable or integral but was not expressed well. How to Paraphrase Paraphrasing is simple: Read a passage from a source, or examine your notes from an interview, and imagine you’re sharing the information with others which is exactly what you’re doing. Strive to find a simpler, more direct way to describe what you’ve read; it’s acceptable to use the same word now and then, and you may occasionally employ partial direct quotations to reproduce key phrases, but always remember that your goal is to report, not reproduce. And though you may consider the source content better stated than what you can produce, be confident that your paraphrase will be good enough. How would you paraphrase a passage like the first sentence of Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address? Here’s the source material: â€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.† Lincoln’s strategy for placing the event he refers to in chronological context is eloquently poetic, but a paraphrase need only provide the context: â€Å"Almost a hundred years ago† is sufficient. The nouns identifying the actors, the locale, and the result are easily replaced with predecessors (or, more colorfully, forebears or â€Å"those who came before us†), land, and country, and â€Å"brought forth† can be rendered formed: â€Å"Those who came before in this land us formed a new country† says the same thing as the rest of the first phrase of the original. â€Å"Conceived in liberty† can be rewritten â€Å"created while fighting for freedom.† The paraphrase of the final phrase, meanwhile, could consist of the words â€Å"inspired by the idea of human equality.† The result, not as stirring, but serviceable, is reportage that says, â€Å"According to the speaker, almost a hundred years ago, those who came before us in this land formed a new country while fighting for freedom and inspired by the idea of human equality.† However, the restatement unnecessarily retains the syntax and is wordier than necessary (and wordier than the original text). Keep trying: â€Å"The speaker said that our forebears, believing in human equality, formed a new country here when they fought for freedom almost a hundred years ago.† If you wished to insert at least a few words of the original wording, you might delete the phrase about freedom and throw in â€Å"conceived in liberty,† set off by commas and framed in quotation marks, after here. As you paraphrase, keep in mind that the key to the process is distillation of the source material to its essence with or without commentary, depending on whether interpretative content is expected from the paraphrasing writer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesEach vs. Both

Mentoring Program Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mentoring Program - Research Proposal Example So, first of all, it seems necessary to define what particular outcomes we should expect from implementing an own mentoring program. One of the most significant is, I believe, developing a high performing team of professionals. Since team work is an essential part of our operations, it is important that our employees understand and accept this principle. Especially important it is because we cannot provide each with a mentor. Therefore, the first task to be accomplished while designing our mentoring program is choosing which particular people will be directly participating in the program. 2.1.1. 360 Degree Evaluation For this purpose I suggest to conduct a 360 degree evaluation: The 360 Degree Feedback System has recently experienced a wide spread among the organization wishing to improve and enhance their performance measuring systems. This particular method involves getting a feedback on an employee’s performance not only from a supervisor, as we do now, but also from four to eight peers, reports, colleagues or customers. In most cases the system also requires an employee oneself to assess own performance in an individual assessment (Heatfield, 2008). So, in addition to giving the manager an opportunity to get a wide range perspective on the employee’s performance, this system enables the supervisor to understand how the employee’s performance is viewed by others – that is to base evaluation not only on own perception, but on other’s opinions as well.

The class castle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The class castle - Essay Example The movie starts with seventeen-year old Michael who is homeless and living on the streets. Growing up, he had been moved from one foster home to another and now he had taken upon himself to live alone. Out of circumstances including Coach Burt Cotton’s belief that due to his imposing built Michael will prove to be an asset for the school football team, he is admitted into the private and exclusive Wingate Christian School despite his poor academic record. There, due to his childish personality and his inability to connect with people of his own age group he befriends the youngest Tuohy kid, S.J Tuohy (Jae Head). The story begins when Michael Oher is spotted on the street wearing nothing but shorts and T-shirt in the dead of winter by a devout Christian Leigh Anne Tuohy (Sandra Bullock).   Leigh Anne is a strong willed woman who is an established interior designer and the franchise owner of several Taco Bells. Upon learning that Michael is one of her daughter’s classmates she invites him into her house for the night. Next morning when Michael makes to leave, Leigh Anne insists that he spend the Thanksgiving weekend with her family. What started as a gesture of kindness on Leigh Anne’s part slowly turns into something more as Michael becomes a part of the Tuohy family despite the doubts expressed by Leigh Anne’s rich friends. One of them is even strongly rebuked for trying to tell Leigh Anne that her teenage daughter Collins (Lily Collins) is not safe around him. Leigh Anne and her easygoing husband Sean (Tim McGraw) provide Michael with all the support he needs to become a good player on the field. He has a shaky start due to his gentle nature. Leigh Anne on learning that Michael scored 98% in â€Å"protective instincts† in his career aptitude test advices the Coach to tap into his protective instincts. She makes Michael realize that the teammates are

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example In fact seasonal interruption are routine and regular and even after such interruptions business continue in normal course and thus entities pursuing seasonal business may be called going concern despite periodic seasonal interruption In this write up the issues relating auditors’ responsibility to assess the substantial doubt arising out of normal auditing procedures is considered in order to produce independent and effective reporting to the stakeholders. The assumption under the concept of going concern is continuity in normal course and such â€Å"continuity of entity operations is usually assumed in financial accounting in the absence to contrary† (Michael J Ramos, page 285)ii Auditors assess the going concern concept whenever substantial doubt is created while following regular and normal audit procedures.†If there are no doubt neither directors nor auditor need refer specifically to going concern in the financial statements or audit report. However, the Combines Code states that directors should report that the business is a going concern with supporting assumptions and qualifications as necessary. â€Å"(Lain Gray and Stuart Manson, page 674)iii Going concern concept assumes an atmosphere of normalcy. Under the going concern concept â€Å"the enterprise will continue in operational existence for a foreseeable future.† (Nexia International, page 137)ivWhenever auditors have substantial doubts about the going concern concept it underlies that financial statements have not been prepared under normal circumstances. This is because â€Å"the going concern concept is unlikely to be compatible with the intention or necessity to enter into a scheme of rearrangement with the company’s creditors, or make an application for an administrative order, or place the company in administrative receivership or liquidation.†(Saleem Sheikh and William Rees, page 349)v In other words results or status shown by

History and Evolution of Leadership

History and Evolution of Leadership A leader. as always said, is born, not made, but leadership is certainly a continual evolution process of qualities like vision, commitment, discipline, trust, integrity, innovation, motivation, authority, dedication, humility, creativity etc., within leaders. Most of these qualities, if not all, in a leader contribute to the success of an organisation. For a reputed business school like Cardiff Business School, choosing a leader who can shape the aspirations enhancement of the institution to become ideal Business establishment is very vital. at the same time intricate. Choice of new Dean to replace Professor McNabb should be influenced inspired by the facts that how much the new Head is able to contribute towards the institutions achievement perform greatly in the new role. To evaluate this we need to have a brief idea about leadership theories performances. A look on the history of leadership finds that the literature on leadership performance can be broadly categorized into a number of important phases. (Ogbonna, 2000; Harris, 2000). Early studies on the leadership skills concentrated on identifying the personality traits which characterized successful leaders, and are known as ‘trait studies (Argyris, 1955; Mahoney et al., 1960). Trait theories assume that successful leaders are ‘born and that the leader has certain innate qualities which distinguish them from non-leaders (Stodgill, 1948). Ralf Stodgill reviewed hundreds of trait studies (1948, 1974, p.81) over a period of time, which can be summarized as the personality traits and other in-born qualities of the leader can be identified it is possible to select those individuals promote them into leadership positions, they then emerge to take power, regardless of the social organization or historical context. Another set of approach is ‘Set ‘Behavioural the ories. It summarises about the behaviour style that a leader chooses or adopts to solve problems. (Hemphill and Coons, 1957; Likert, 1961). Similarly the Viewpoint of theories like situational contingency is that leadership effectiveness is dependent on the leaders diagnosis understanding of situational factors, followed by the adoption of the appropriate style to deal with each circumstance. (Ogbonna, 2000; Harris, 2000). All the theories reviewed above illustrate that leader plays a very important role in the progress performance of the organisation. But if one critically evaluates the affect that a leader has on the organisation then, one can say that the decision a leader takes can sometimes be restrained by certain factors. Some people argue that constraints placed on leaders are due to situational factors. Although there have been few studies that have a direct bearing on this important issue, research on sports organisations has tended to support this argument. In practice however, this argument has rested heavily on the findings of just one major study that of Lieberson and OConnor (1972), which has become the most commonly cited evidence of this issue and which is widely regarded as the major counterpoint to the proposition that leadership makes a difference. (Thomas, 1988) One more key aspect to discuss here is that of sex differences in leadership, as our main concern is to look for the leader that can be Head of Cardiff Business School, we should not be biased to only one gender. Male leaders are rated as more effective conscientious then female leaders, but A Meta-analytic review of 17 studies examining sex differences in leadership indicates that male and female leaders exhibit equal amounts of initiating structure and consideration and have equally satisfied sub-ordinates. (Platz, 1986). More More women are becoming managers; this rise in trend is because of the federal implication which prohibits sex discrimination in employment. Despite this rise many individuals still believe that men are better leaders. (Bass, Krusell, Alexander, 1971; Bowman, Worthy, Greyser, 1965; Rosen Jerdee, 1978; Schein, 1973) there are some evidence to refute this argument indicating that men and women may differ in personality characteristics which affects the lea dership styles effectiveness. (Hoffman, 1972; Maier, 1970; Megargee, 1969; OLeary Depner, 1975; Templeton Morrow, 1972) Furthermore several studies have demonstrated that men and women differ in leadership behaviours also. (Bartal Butterfield, 1976; Petty Lee 1975)

Shakespeares Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousy Essays -- Othello essa

Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousy  Ã‚      Dominating the protagonist in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello is the passion of sexual jealousy. Dominating the antagonist is another type of jealousy toward Cassio, and hatred toward the general. Let us look closely at the concept of jealousy as it is revealed in this drama. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes definitively categorizes Othello as a â€Å"study in jealousy†: Othello has suffered less in its modern interpretation than any other of Shakespeare’s tragedies, it would seem. So insistently did Shakespeare keep this tragedy unified about the theme of jealousy and the central victims of the passion, so obviously did he mould his plot about the black Moor and the cunning Iago and the victims of their jealousy that no interpreter has been able to ignore the obvious intention of the author. Yet if we study the contemporary interpretations of the passion here portrayed, we find that Shakespeare was following in detail a broader and more significant analysis of the passion than has in modern days been understood. The play is, however, clearly a study in jealousy and in jealousy as it affects those of different races. (148) Can we narrow down the concept of jealousy in this play to a specific type? Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† sees this play as a study in sexual jealousy: Othello is not a study in pride, egoism, or self-deception: its subject is sexual jealousy, loss of faith in a form which involves the whole personality at the profound point where body meets spirit. The solution which Othello cannot accept is Iago’s: ‘Put up with it.’ This is as impossible as that Hamlet should, like Claudius, behave as if the past were don... ...TED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.   

Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft Corporation is a leading software company in the world. Its core businesses include Platform Products and Services Division, Business Division and the Entertainment and Devices Division. It is committed to the long term mission of helping its customers realize their full potential. It constantly updates and improves its products and continuously accelerate new technologies as they emerge serve its customers better. The web site of Microsoft is one of the best developed websites providing a wealth of online information to its visitor. The information includes that of the company, its social initiatives, news, contact details, careers at Microsoft etc. The company provides a number of sites for its products. These sites provide online information about the company products and their features, product upgrades, product downloads and all the assistance required by the customers to use their products. There is a great amount of valuable information on the products site of Microsoft Corporation. The first useful information is the links to Microsoft’s product families including windows, Windows Server Systems, Business Solutions, Office, Developer Tools, Games and Xbox, MSN and Windows Mobile. This information will enable me to easily identify the product of my interest. The next useful information is about the product categories including Home and entertainment, Finance, Hardware and Books and training. There is also valuable information about the more popular products of Microsoft and its key technologies. I can also find valuable information in the link to trial software. The link helps me to get online information about the different trial software of Microsoft that are available in different product families. From each trial software link we can get the overview about the benefits of each product, its main features and support and security features. It provides details about the system requirements. Once we are able to evaluate and decide on the product to be ordered for trial then the site helps is in the procedures that are involved in buying a trial compact disc or downloading the trial software along with the necessary system requirements for the trail download. The site provides information as to how the product of our choice can be ordered online and the retailer through whom we can place the order for our product. If we plan to purchase five or more licenses, information of the volume licensing can be got based on whether our organization is a business or an educational institution. Information of the license agreement is also displayed. Once order has been placed information about how to track the status of the order is also provided. The site also provides the information about how I can use the product information center better using online chat and telephone. The Website Link to Microsoft office word 2003 provides detailed information to me about one of the best selling product of Microsoft Corporation. I can get the overview of Microsoft Word 2003 along with the features of the product like its ability to collaborate using Windows share point services, help control distribution of sensitive documents, create organizational solutions with XML and gather information on MS Word. The site provides information about the requirements of the system with reference to the operating system, processor, memory, hard disk, drive, display, Internet connection and other information necessary to use the product effectively. The site provides the price of the full version of the product and also states the price of the upgrade version. I can use a link on the site to order online the full version or the upgrade of the product. I can check the status of back order using an appropriate link in the web site. The most helpful feature of the site to me is the information provided on the link of Word 2003 tour. It provides information with the aid of pictorial presentations, about how to simplify collaboration and reduce version control issues, control document distribution, control editing and formatting changes, see comments and revision marks more easily, create organizational solutions with XML, use smart documents to reuse data stored in word 2003 documents and customized functionality with enhanced smart tags. The site also provides assistance as to how to find facts easily, get help when needed, read comfortably, mark documents and send faxes by internet. I can also take the online test drive of the latest version of MS Word. MS Product licensing advisor provides an easy-to-use online tool with reference to product licensing. For the small business I am running there is comprehensive information about MS small business edition 2003. The site provides an overview of the product and its benefit like the ease of use and its suitability to help me managing customers and sales opportunities, create marketing material, manage e-mail communications and information sharing. The information with reference to price and system requirements and the procedure to buy online are also provided. Microsoft Corporation has developed an excellent website that provides comprehensive information that enables me to study and buy their products with the utmost ease. References Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2006 From http://www.microsoft.com/ Â   Â   Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is a leading software company in the world. Its core businesses include Platform Products and Services Division, Business Division and the Entertainment and Devices Division. It is committed to the long term mission of helping its customers realize their full potential. It constantly updates and improves its products and continuously accelerate new technologies as they emerge serve its customers better. The web site of Microsoft is one of the best developed websites providing a wealth of online information to its visitor. The information includes that of the company, its social initiatives, news, contact details, careers at Microsoft etc. The company provides a number of sites for its products. These sites provide online information about the company products and their features, product upgrades, product downloads and all the assistance required by the customers to use their products. There is a great amount of valuable information on the products site of Microsoft Corporation. The first useful information is the links to Microsoft’s product families including windows, Windows Server Systems, Business Solutions, Office, Developer Tools, Games and Xbox, MSN and Windows Mobile. This information will enable me to easily identify the product of my interest. The next useful information is about the product categories including Home and entertainment, Finance, Hardware and Books and training. There is also valuable information about the more popular products of Microsoft and its key technologies. I can also find valuable information in the link to trial software. The link helps me to get online information about the different trial software of Microsoft that are available in different product families. From each trial software link we can get the overview about the benefits of each product, its main features and support and security features. It provides details about the system requirements. Once we are able to evaluate and decide on the product to be ordered for trial then the site helps is in the procedures that are involved in buying a trial compact disc or downloading the trial software along with the necessary system requirements for the trail download. The site provides information as to how the product of our choice can be ordered online and the retailer through whom we can place the order for our product. If we plan to purchase five or more licenses, information of the volume licensing can be got based on whether our organization is a business or an educational institution. Information of the license agreement is also displayed. Once order has been placed information about how to track the status of the order is also provided. The site also provides the information about how I can use the product information center better using online chat and telephone. The Website Link to Microsoft office word 2003 provides detailed information to me about one of the best selling product of Microsoft Corporation. I can get the overview of Microsoft Word 2003 along with the features of the product like its ability to collaborate using Windows share point services, help control distribution of sensitive documents, create organizational solutions with XML and gather information on MS Word. The site provides information about the requirements of the system with reference to the operating system, processor, memory, hard disk, drive, display, Internet connection and other information necessary to use the product effectively. The site provides the price of the full version of the product and also states the price of the upgrade version. I can use a link on the site to order online the full version or the upgrade of the product. I can check the status of back order using an appropriate link in the web site. The most helpful feature of the site to me is the information provided on the link of Word 2003 tour. It provides information with the aid of pictorial presentations, about how to simplify collaboration and reduce version control issues, control document distribution, control editing and formatting changes, see comments and revision marks more easily, create organizational solutions with XML, use smart documents to reuse data stored in word 2003 documents and customized functionality with enhanced smart tags. The site also provides assistance as to how to find facts easily, get help when needed, read comfortably, mark documents and send faxes by internet. I can also take the online test drive of the latest version of MS Word. MS Product licensing advisor provides an easy-to-use online tool with reference to product licensing. For the small business I am running there is comprehensive information about MS small business edition 2003. The site provides an overview of the product and its benefit like the ease of use and its suitability to help me managing customers and sales opportunities, create marketing material, manage e-mail communications and information sharing. The information with reference to price and system requirements and the procedure to buy online are also provided. Microsoft Corporation has developed an excellent website that provides comprehensive information that enables me to study and buy their products with the utmost ease. References Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2006 From http://www.microsoft.com/ Â   Â  

Fluency vs Accuracy

We all know that English is an international language which people from all over the world learn in order to communicate with each other. There are two types of language learner: the first type is being accurate in speaking English. This means that if a person start to say something, and then realize that he/she made a mistake, that person will stop and correct that mistake. They might pause and contemplate what the right word or phrase should be use. The other type is Fluency, this type increases the progress of the learners. English is our universal language. Indeed, it is very important for us to have knowledge in speaking English because it will help you to develop your speaking skills and in the near future, whenever, you will find for a job it is one of the most important qualifications that you can speak well or fluently. Some people who are not that good enough in speaking English are called English carabao in informal term. But then, in our daily lives we must pursue ourselves to learn something new like speaking in English fluently. It doesn’t matter whether your grammar are correct or wrong what is important is the thought you have in your message even if it is formal or informal conversation. Based on my experienced, if you can’t speak English at all, I think you’re a loser. Last December 2010 we celebrated our holiday vacation in Hong Kong. As we went there almost of the people there only know how to speak Cantonese not English. For us Filipino it is a great insult if you don’t know how to express yourself in English especially if you want to ask something to the Chinese people who lived there or foreigners. Traveling to other country is not easy of course the first thing you need to learn is English language. For some people who are afraid to express their selves in English it is not hindrance for them to learn something new. At first it is really hard but if you just concentrate and believe in yourself that you can do better, you can speak better that’s the spirit. Patience is a virtue, if we keep on trying again and again it would lead us to a successful life. Everything is possible in God’s you will see how great you are as a person.

Recent Discovery In Mesoamerica Example

Recent Discovery In Mesoamerica Example Recent Discovery In Mesoamerica – Article Example Recent Discoveries in Mesoamerica Recent Discoveries in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica is a term used to refer to a region in the Americas that shares some common cultural practices among other things. It extends from central Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica and finally to El Salvador. These places are historically united by the fact that they were occupied by pre –Colombian societies before their colonization by Spain in the 15th century. In this essay we will explore some of the recent discoveries that have occurred in this region that have resulted to a change in the mind set of scholars about the perceptions that they previously held about this region (Lindsay 2002).Recent discoveries have revealed that Mesoamerica to be the only place in North and South America where written language existed during the ancient times. Different writing systems have been discovered in this region dating back over 1000BC and some of them remain undeciphered up until today. For a l ong time, scholars believed that ancient Mesoamerica to have been a peaceful region but due to recent discoveries have resulted in a paradigm shift about this believes. In 1970, a fortification was discovered at Becan by archeologists studying this region. This was a defensive fortification that aided the inhabitants of this place in their warfare activities hence presenting us with the evidence on the prevalence of warfare in this region. Furthermore there have been recent discoveries of structures that resemble palisades which might have been used during warfare. The discovery of Maya city also presented us with evidence of the level of civilization that was already in existence in Mesoamerica during the ancient times. The city had thousands of structures including roads, terraces and caves. The gigantic structures discovered in Mesoamerica such as the Great Pyramid of Cholula located in Puebla Mexico is one of the largest structures of its kind and it. It is the world’s la rgest pyramid and also regarded as the world’s largest monument (Lindsay 2002).ReferenceLindsay, J. (2002). Mesoamerican history. London: Harold Robbins Publishers

Why Are We Happy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Are We Happy - Essay Example In his speech, Gilbert had broken down happiness in two categories: Synthetic and Natural. As he noted, â€Å"Natural happiness is when we get what we wanted and Synthetic Happiness is what we make when we don’t get what we wanted.† (â€Å"TED Talks: Dan Gilbert asks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Normally, people will think that synthetic happiness is not true happiness but a defense mechanism to avoid hurting our egos. However, based on the studies that the speaker presented, it is scientifically proven that people tend to accept the end result of whatever decisions that they make no matter how unfortunate it is, and eventually become truly happy about it. To illustrate this, he exhibited a study between the percentage of happiness of lottery winners and paraplegics after a year. The data showed that the level of happiness between the two groups of people was equal. The lottery winners might have a higher level of happiness in the beginning but it evened out during the course of th e year. This is because the mind has the capacity to synthesize happiness thus it can alter the initial response to a situation into a better one. As Gilbert explained, â€Å"The fact is, year after they lose their leg, and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives†¦ The research that my laboratory has been doing†¦ had revealed something really startling to us. Something that we call the impact bias is the tendency for the simulator to work badly. For the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes are more different than the fact that they really are.† (â€Å"TED Talks: Dan Gilbert asks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). During the presentation, it can be observed that the speaker connects to the audience and everybody seems to be actually listening throughout the whole time. Noticeably, the three elements of effective arguments or appeals by Aristotle, ethos, pathos, and logos, were essentially delivered. Ethos refe rs to the appeal to the character of the speaker (Kennedy). It further demonstrates that if the speaker is credible, reliable or respected enough, his audience will actually believe the message that he’s trying to convey.

Employment Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employment Law - Assignment Example The paper relates to the potential problem areas faced by Food Ltd, as in contractual period, opt-out agreement, shift timings, working hours, break timings, annual leaves and sick leaves and it advises the firm on how to handle these issue by providing a suitable solution in accordance with the employment law clauses and cases. This essay stresses that holiday pay is strictly a matter of contract. Compensation for idle time on holidays, where the payments are in amounts approximately equivalent to the employee’s normal earnings for a similar period of time, is excludable from the employees’ regular rate of pay for purposes of overtime compensation. When a contract specifies that an employee will receive idle time compensation for the holiday whether or not he works, the sum allocable to holiday pay is excluded from the computational of regular rate and may not be credited against overtime compensation due. The compensation paid for the hours worked on the holiday, however, is included in the computation of the regular rate in the same manner as other compensation for hours worked. There is no federal law governing holiday pay. However, almost universally, employers provide time off and compensation for at least a few of the major holidays. It is a common practice, however, for employers to awa rd holiday pay only to full-time employees and require employees to work the day before and the day after the holiday to receive holiday pay. ... employees' regular rate of pay for purposes of overtime compensation. When a contract specifies that an employee will receive idle time compensation for the holiday whether or not he works, the sum allocable to holiday pay is excluded from the computational of regular rate and may not be credited against overtime compensation due. The compensation paid for the hours worked on the holiday, however, is included in the computation of the regular rate in the same manner as other compensation for hours worked. 1.1.2 : Idle time compensation : In a contract providing that an employee will receive idle-time compensation for the holiday only if the employee does not work, one should be careful to include a provision to the effect that the employee forgoes or waives his/her right to idle-time compensation if the employee works on the holiday. The waiver will preclude any doubt as to what was intended. 1.1.3: Holiday pay and Law: There is no federal law governing holiday pay. However, almost universally, employers provide time off and compensation for at least a few of the major holidays. It is a common practice, however, for employers to award holiday pay only to full-time employees and require employees to work the day before and the day after the holiday to receive holiday pay. Changing workforce demographics have influenced the way some companies offer holiday pay and decide which days to close. The six most common paid holidays are New Years Day, Memorial day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. However, a company's industry and the market it serves are among the factors determining when a company will close. Banks, for example, are required to close on certain federal

Photographing and photographs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photographing and photographs - Essay Example For instance, the pictured house from the Bozar Centre for Fine Arts gives an image of either how a certain community used to build its houses or how it builds them in the current time. The viewer is able to tell that the time of the day that is either early morning or late in the evening as depicted by dull and bright colors, which he or she has integrated.   A photograph can carry different kind of message, for instance, conceptual photography that entails capturing a meaning as well as essence of that particular moment. For the photographer to take such ideas to the extreme, he or she has to use various techniques such as light, poses, elements, atmosphere and props among others to create or bring out the mood or deliver his or her feelings to the watcher. Most conceptual photographs contain varied messages or else a series of emotions besides it is only a few of them that contain a single message (Dettling 84). By observing the above Bozar image, one finds it very attractive to the eyes because the artist employed different techniques intelligently to bring out the aesthetic value of the picture. The photographer took the image from the front elevation and having similar height to cover much of its parts such as the roof, window and the door.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Use of cameras in taking photographs and videos is now replacing the ancient methods of putting down images such as drawing or painting that were quite challenging to coming up with the exact image as the pictured object (Dettling 22).

Plastic Money Essay Example for Free

Plastic Money Essay Results for: history of wipro company Read the news for history of wipro company - Order by: Date Weighted * The History of LucasArts company Video THE BEARDED TRIO ON FACEBOOKTHE BEARDED TRIO ON TWITTERI need your Star Wars memories for a book 20/9/2012 * Apple Is Not The Most Valuable Company In The History Of The World — IBM Wo Apple is not the most valuable company in the history of the world. Its not even Microsoft, which was reported to have been toppled by Apple today. Its IBM by 21/8/2012 * Hong Kong: A history of company incorporation To mark the twentieth anniversary of the Companies Registry a report has been published, written by Professor S H Goo, providing a history of company incorporation in Hong Kong: see 14/8/2013 * The History Of London’s Power Stations The recent news that Battersea Power Station is once again up for sale will be of little surprise to long-time watchers of the crumbling riverside building. Since closure in 1983 13/3/2012 * The history of MS lingerie We are always thinking of new and innovative ways to create content for our clients. Often this involves starting from a blank page, but here’s an example of where we 27/2/2012 * Have we airbrushed the history of the Titanic? Titanic under construction at Harland and Wolff On Sunday morning, we debated that challenging question in a discussion many of you were moved to comment on by text, tweet and 6/3/2012

History of the US and Mexico Border

History of the US and Mexico Border Tracing the Evolving Historiography of the U.S.-Mexico Border Introduction Regulating the border between the United States and Mexico is not a new issue. In fact, concerns over what to do with the border, what it should look like, and who should be allowed to cross have been prevalent questions since American and Mexican diplomats sat down to establish the border in the aftermath of the Mexican-American war in 1848. While the eastern half of the border is easily distinguished by the Rio Grande, the western border does not correspond to any recognizable geographic features and was instead made up of arbitrarily drawn lines through an uninhabited desert. It is along this permeable border that a borderlands historian like Rachel St. John’s monograph, Line in the Sand (2011), is concerned. While St. John’s work declares itself to be a history of the actual border, earlier historians like Clarence Clendenen and his work, Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars (1969), is more of a military history discussing the Unite d States army’s involvement in border clashes with Indian and Mexican forces. In later years, economic and public policy history became the preferred methodology of examining the history of the U.S.-Mexico border like Douglas Massey’s Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (2002) which examines the issue of managing immigration from Mexico through the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in an era of increasing economic interdependence caused by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). When examined side by side, these three monographs are a good representation of just how drastically historians have changed the way they discuss they border in only the last fifty years. Since its inception, the ways in which historians discuss the U.S.-Mexico border have evolved significantly. Unlike earlier approaches, which were biased toward the United States and primarily concerned with the American point of view, newer works like St. John’s are beginning to take a more transnational approach to tracing the evolution of the boundary between the two nation-states from its inception as a meaningless line on a map to the complex system of barriers and strict regulation that allows for the easy passage of some people, animals, commodities, and goods, while restricting the movements of others. Given the controversy and politics that are deeply entrenched in discussions about the U.S.-Mexico border, St. John’s work is by no means the pinnacle of successful transnational history, however it does act as a step in the right directions for future historians to further expand upon. It is easy to assume that borderlands history would be inherently transnational because oftentimes borderlands are â€Å"crossroads where people and their institutions and traditions come together, creating distinctive ways of organizing space and transforming the seemingly fixed edges of empires and nations into fluid spaces†.[1] However that is not always the case, especially in the scholarship about the U.S.-Mexico border, which is heavily politicized in both nations. The best transnational histories examine the interconnections between political units, especially the flow of goods, people, and ideas across borders. These works trace how US involvement overseas shapes not only foreign peoples, but also Americans back home. The most successful works incorporate a variety of historical methods and draw on US and foreign archives while paying attention to the role of non-state actors and the agency of non-elites.[2] While each monograph discussed tend to only focus on a few of these qualifiers, there is a noticeable trend that scholarship is becoming more transnational, however maybe not as quickly as one would thing. The subject matter of borderland history lends itself well to transnational methodology, however historians are still more concerned with the elite actors, politics, and the American point of view for any of these works to be considered truly transnational. Blood on the Border Published in 1969, Clendenen’s Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars is one of the earliest examples of borderland history and thus takes a more traditionalist approach to historical writing. As a graduate of West Point and the Curator Emeritus of the Military Collection at Stanford University, it is no surprise that Clendenen’s monograph is primarily focused on the tense history of border skirmishes that occurred between the U.S. and Mexican armies between 1848 and 1917.   Clendenen’s work chronicles a series of episodes where the U.S. and Mexican armies clashed with each other beginning with the activities of Juan Cortina who was a Robin Hood-like figure, later chapters also describes U.S. military activity during the Civil War, the campaigns against the Kickapoos and Apaches, and border problems during the revolutionary period. Clendenen then devotes over half of the book to examining General Pershing’s Punitive Expedition against the Mexican revolutionary general Francisco â€Å"Pancho† Villa in 1916. Clendenen’s main argument is that the Punitive Expedition was not a humiliating failure for the US military, however this period of U.S.-Mexico history has been greatly neglected by historians because it had been forgotten amidst the earlier wars with the Plains Indians and World War I. He argues: â€Å"General Pershing’s Punitive Expedition was soon so over-shadowed by the entry of the United States into World War I that historians have given it scant attention, and most of those who grant it a few sentences, or a paragraph or two, are amazingly misinformed about it. Yet the operations of small American forces in northern Mexico on numerous occasions constitute a phase of our military history that is well worth rescuing†.[3] To support his argument, Clendenen relies on a variety of sources including interviews, diaries and autobiographies of American soldiers, as well as U.S. archival sources. However Mexican sources are nearly nonexistent. He justifies that the exclusion of Mexican sources was intentional because his goal is to describe the basis on which American commanders formed their decisions. Clendenen argues that his research deliberately presents only the American perspective on the border conflicts because that is the nature of military history. â€Å"A military history written from the point of view of a participant nation is necessarily one-sided; it cannot be completely objective regarding the enemy†¦ the commander of a military unit must base his decisions upon the information he actually has at a given moment—not upon what a scholar or historian may know half a century later†¦ Hence, I make no apology for having cited very few Mexican sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .[4] Clendenen is also reluctant to include Mexican sources because, he argues, it is very difficult for an American to obtain firsthand information regarding events and activities. â€Å"Mexicans, for some reason or other,† he says, â€Å"are reluctant to discuss border events with Americans†.[5] This type of justification for focusing on the American narrative falls in line with most of the early scholarship about the U.S.-Mexico border. Very little, if any, of Clendenen’s work can be considered transnational even though its subject matter is about the US and Mexican army’s movements throughout the borderlands. Aside from examining the interconnections between political units (in this case, the militaries of two countries), Clendenen does little to examine the flow of goods, people, and ideas across borders, or focus on the role of non-state actors and the agency of non-elites. Little attention is also paid to tracing how the United States’ involvement overseas affects those back home. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors   By the early 2000s, scholarship on the U.S.-Mexico border was starting to become more willing to discuss the non-state, non-American actors, though it still tended to have a strong American perspective. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (2002) by Douglas Massey et al. examines the economic and public policy history of the U.S.-Mexico border—specifically the opposing effects of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)—to draw conclusions about the complexities of how the border operated between 1965 and 1986. Massey et al. argue that the migration system between Mexico and the United States is similar to a complicated piece of machinery and that their monograph is meant to troubleshoot the problems of immigration by describing the dramatic impact that immigration policies have had on those living in Mexico as well as the United States. The monograph operates as a sort of owner’s manual and describes how the migration system was built, how it worked until immigration policies first passed in 1986 disrupted it, and how the system changed as a consequence. Subsequently in its repair manual, the authors offer a specific set of proposals designed to fix the damage caused by these policies and make migration efficient and predictable again. The authors argue, Just as it is not advisable to take a wrench to a precision clock if one is not a qualified clockmaker, it is not wise to pull policy levers if one has no real conception of how the underlying system functions. Yet this is exactly what happened beginning in 1986, when the US Congress and successive presidents presided over a series of legislative and bureaucratic changes that fundamentally changed the rules under which the Mexico-US migration system operated†¦we seek to provide policymakers and citizens with a more accurate blueprint of the nuts and bolts of the Mexico-US migration system. We offer a kind of ‘owner’s manual’ to explain how the system works theoretically, how it was built historically, and how it functions substantively, or at least how it did function until the 1986 IRCA threw it out of synch.[6] To support their arguments, Massey et al. utilize an economic history  methodology by using a variety of  historical methods, statistical methods, and  economic  theory to  closely examine the relationship between immigration and U.S. public policies. Similar to Clendenen’s work, Massey et al. also do not look beyond the American archives for source materials. However their sources do show a greater amount of variety than Clendenen’s and even includes published articles from Mexican scholars, which is something Clendenen specifically avoided. The authors gathered information from a diverse set of sources including official statistics from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the Mexican National Statistical Institute, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations.[7] Most notably, the authors rely on data compiled by the Mexican Migration Project (MMP), a bi-national research project compiled by the University of Guadalajara and the University of Pennsylvania and directed by two of the authors, Jorge Durand and Douglas S. Massey.[8] Compared to Clarence Clendenen’s work, Beyond Smoke and Mirror shows a significant transformation in how historians study and write about the U.S.-Mexico border though the approach only hits on a few of the key qualifiers of a truly transnational work.   For example, Clendenen was solely concerned with recording the experiences of Americans who served in the army in the borderlands and justifying the United States’ involvement in various border skirmishes. On the other hand, Massey et al. have expanded the scope of their research in order to examine the broader picture of the immigration of non-state, non-elite actors and the influence agricultural employers and American politics had on the ebb and flow of people across the border. Massey et al. also attempt to address how the implementation of IRCA and NAFTA have interrupted the stable circular flow of Mexican migrants who arrived in the United States, quickly found jobs, and returned to Mexico for several months bef ore migrating back to the United States again. This steady immigration system â€Å"minimized the negative consequences and maximized the gain for both countries†. [9] In this aspect, the authors attempted to explain how United States involvement in Mexico reshaped the lives of not only Mexicans, but also Americans back home. Line in the Sand One of the most recent works of scholarship about the U.S.-Mexico border is Rachel St. John’s Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border (2011). As part of Princeton University’s America in the World series, this monograph is meant to represent the newest transnational methodology historians are using when writing about U.S-Mexico border history. St. John does employ a transnational methodology in her examination of the history of the U.S.-Mexico border, displaying a tremendous amount of change in the field, however the degree to which she utilizes key aspects of a true transnational work are somewhat disappointing for a monograph published in a transnational history series. This appears to be a problem concerning the subject area rather than the author, as other historians such as Mae Ngai and her work, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (2004),appear to suffer similar shortcomings. Regardless, St. John’s work does create a very useful stepping stone to guide future historians away from nationalistic, America-centered histories and towards studies not confined to political units that are more concerned with the role of non-state actors as subjects of an incredibly complex system. St. John attempts to differentiate her work from earlier scholarship about the border by immediately asserting that she is writing about the history of the physical border from its conception up to its modern form in the 1930s. She argues that the actual border itself is often ignored in scholarship that is supposedly about the border: â€Å"As borderlands historians have emphasized historical processes that transcend national boundaries and have expanded their focus to include zones of interaction outside of the US Southwest and Mexican north, they have often treated the border itself as in irrelevant or incidental part of the borderlands. By contrast, I emphasize the centrality of the boundary line in the processes of market expansion, conquest, state building, and identity formation with which many borderlands historians are concerned†.[10] St. John examines the transformation of the border chronologically from its origins in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, to a prosperous economic crossroads, and finally into a heavily policed series of checkpoints intent on keeping certain people and goods from crossing. St. John breaks her research up into chapters that can almost be viewed as a series of vignettes or snapshots throughout time of how the western U.S.-Mexico border quickly began to change. From its inception as well as the actual attempts by surveyors to map out the border, St. John argues that simply drawing a line on a map does not automatically guarantee territorial authority for a nation, especially one that is not marked by any distinct geographical features like the western border. Essentially, she writes, the creation of the western border â€Å"conjured up an entirely new space where there had not been one before†.[11] This is significant because for many years, the border remained a porous boundary that actually encouraged border residents to move freely. This idea of a porous border was especially beneficial for commercial development and bi-national cooperation, especially with the arrival of railroads in the 1880s. With the creation of railroads, St. John notes that a capitalist revolution had occurred, â€Å"grasslands became ranches, mountains became mines, and the border itself became a site of commerce and communities†¦ by the early twentieth century the border had become a point of connection and community in the midst of an emerging capitalist economy and the center of a transborder landscape of property and profit†.[12] However with the development of transnational capitalism came the creation of state border control, which was intent on protecting investors that profited from this economy by controlling the passage of goods and people across the border. By this time, military power was no longer the primary concern along the border. Instead, the U.S. and Mexico’s sovereignty was â€Å"measured in customs collected, immigrants rejected, and bandits arrested†.[13] The latter half of St. John’s work examines the use of the border to manage immigration. The ultimate challenge for both countries was the creation of a conditional border that allowed for the passage of desired migrants and commerce but obstructed the flow of those who were not welcome.[14] This conditional border was incredibly inconsistent and depended largely on the discretion of immigration officials, changes in law, and fluctuating economic conditions.[15] St. John attempts to address each of the key aspects of a transnational methodology with varying degrees of success. Most obvious is her examination of the interconnections between political units and the flow of goods, people, and ideas across borders because this is the entire basis of her research. Unlike Clendenen and Massey who only focused on the one-way flow of people and goods from Mexico to the United States, St. John actually expands on this idea in her work by examining the flow of people from Mexico to the United States and then back to Mexico at different points in time in the early twentieth century. She spends a considerable amount of time discussing the effects that immigration policy changes had on immigrant laborers, their families, and their communities—aspects of immigration that the earlier historians had all but ignored. Similar to St. John, Massey et al. also discuss the idea that the economy in the United States played a significant hand in influencing the ebb and flow of Mexican immigration, however they fail at investigating what happened to these people once they emigrated back to Mexico. St. John discusses the fluctuations of immigration, but she also attempts to tell the other side of the story by including the Mexican government’s response to deportations and increasingly strict immigration laws.[16] In this way, St. John does a much better job than earlier historians at tracing how U.S. involvement and policies shaped not only Mexican citizens, but Americans as well. This becomes increasingly apparent as she examines the sharp increases in policing of the border in the 1930s as â€Å" government officials not only made it more difficult for new migrants to cross the border but also criminalized Mexicans as â€Å"illegal aliens† and encouraged, coerced, and forced hundreds of thousands of Mexican nationals and US citizens of Mexican descent to move to Mexico†.[17] Changes in U.S. policy in attempts to protect its economy and citizens clearly affected deported Mexican citizens and people of Mexican descent, but it also fed into the growing anti-Mexican sentiment that many Americans were feeling at the time, essentially treating Mexican laborers as scapegoats for the lack of jobs leading up to the Great Depression. One aspect of St. John’s work that could use improvement is diversifying the sources that she uses. Again, this appears to be a problem inherent in this subject area rather than any fault of the author. While Clendenen intentionally used only American sources, later historians of U.S.-Mexico relations like Massey et al. and even Mae Ngai appear to have trouble including a fair amount of sources from foreign archives. This could be for a variety of reasons including language barriers, lack of access to the archives, or simply because perhaps the majority of scholarship on this subject could be published in the United States. St. John seems to have been more successful at including Mexican scholarship in her work compared to earlier scholars, however for a monograph specifically about the border between Mexico and the United States, her sources are still notably one-sided. Out of all of her research, St. John only visited three archives in Mexico to complete her work. These include the Archivo General del Estado de Sonora, the Archivo Histà ³rico Genaro Estrada, and the Instituto de Investigaciones Histà ³ricas.[18] In comparison to the numerous American archives she visited, it is hard to understand why she chose to include so few Mexican sources when a significant portion of her work is dedicated to the communities located on the Mexican side of the border. The vast majority of St. John’s research was conducted within the United States and she uses a variety of American archives to complete her work using a large assortment of books, photographs, manuscript collections, microfilm reels, government documents, and newspapers. St. John’s use of source materials is comparable to Massey et al. who used similar documents to complete their work only a decade earlier. The fact that scholars have yet to utilize Mexican sources to their greatest potential is somewhat disappointing for a work of transnational history but perhaps the next generation of historians will be able to improve the situation if the controversy and politics that are deeply entrenched in discussions about the U.S.-Mexico border ever simmer down. Rachel St. John’s Line in the Sand is the latest attempt by borderlands historians taking a transnational approach to their work. It may not be successful in all aspects of a truly transnational methodology however it does set the stage for future historians to build off of and think outside of the borders of traditional U.S.-centric histories. Conclusion Concerns over regulating the U.S.-Mexico border, what it should look like, and who should be allowed to cross it are issues as relevant today as they were when the border was first established 170 years ago. Tune into any news network today and information on the latest immigration policies and border control will surely be hotly debated between policymakers, citizens, and corporations who all have differing opinions on how the border should operate. While obvious geographical features like the Rio Grande easily delineate the eastern portion of the U.S.-Mexico border, the western border cuts through uninhabitable desert that is barely marked with more than a few fence posts in some areas. It is along this permeable half of the border that borderlands historians situate their work. Borderland histories have transformed significantly over the course of the century as historians are beginning to leave behind the nationalistic, pro-American sentiments of historical writing behind in favor of a better-rounded transnational approach that situates America in the context of the greater history of the world. Published in 1969, Clarence Clendenen’s Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars represents the ways in which earlier historians often used military history when discussing border issues. In later years, economic and public policy history became the preferred methodology of examining the history of the U.S.-Mexico border like Douglas Massey’s Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (2002). In recent years, historians like Rachel St. John are attempting to examine the history of the actual border itself without tying themselves down to writing specifically from the perspective of any one nation state. When examined chronologically, these monographs show just how drastically historians have changed the way they discuss they border in just the last fifty years. Unlike the earlier approaches to writing about the border, which were primarily concerned with the American point of view, newer works like St. John’s are beginning to take a more transnational approach to tracing the evolution of the boundary between Mexico and the United States from its inception as an unclear and undefined political boundary to the complex system of border patrols and strict regulation that allows for the easy passage of some people, animals, commodities, and goods, while at the same time restricting the movements of others. In many other fields of study, the transnational approach to history was specifically sparked by changes in how we examine and write about history in a post-9/11 world. However, discussions over the U.S.-Mexico border do not seem to follow this trend quite as closely as it is still a subject the general public is hotly divided over. This could be attributed to many reasons such as current events involving recently elected U.S. leadership fear mongering that it is imperative for the safety of American citizens and the economy to build a two thousand mile long wall along the border. This feeds into a deep-seated distrust of the immigration system after using Mexican immigrants as a convenient scapegoat for the better half of a century. As long as U.S. citizens, our government, and policies continue to vilify our neighbors to the south, any sort of progressive transnational scholarship will not be possible. Bibliography Clendenen, Clarence C., Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars. London: The Macmillan Company, 1969. Hamalainen, Pekka and Benjamin Johnson. â€Å"What is Borderlands History?† In Major Problems in the History of North American Borderlands, 1-40.Wandsworth Publishing, 2011. Accessed May 1, 2017. http://inside.sfuhs.org/dept/history/Mexicoreader/Chapter8/borderlands/borderlandsch1.p df. Massey, Douglas S., Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. St. John, Rachel. Line in the Sand: A history of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. [1] Pekka Hamalainen and Benjamin Johnson, â€Å"What is Borderlands History?†, in Major Problems in the History of North American Borderlands (Wandsworth Publishing, 2011), 1. [2] Class notes. [3] Clarence C. Clendenen, Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars (London: The Macmillan Company, 1969). Xvi. [4] Ibid., xvii [5] Ibid. [6] Douglas S. Massey et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002). 2. [7] Ibid., 165. [8] Ibid. [9] Ibid., 71. >[10] Rachel St. John, Line in the Sand: A history of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011). 5-6. [11] Ibid., 2. [12] Ibid., 64. [13] Ibid., 90. [14] Ibid., 175. [15] Ibid. [16] Ibid., 188. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid., 249.